Chapter  15

Isaac Newton's first law of motion, the Law of Inertia states, “A body at rest tends to remain at rest and a body in motion tends to continue in motion in a straight line except in so far as it is acted upon by a disturbing force.” (In motion relative to what?) Relative to other bodies? Yes! Relative to space itself? No! A body does not move relative to absolute space itself, as the Michelson-Morley experiment proved.

I would like to add the following idea at this time. Inertia is a requirement of absolute space. “Universal or absolute Space” is all the space in the universe without any consideration for the matter or energy within it. Absolute Space contains all the "Laws of Nature" that govern everything within the universe. Absolute space and the laws of nature are synonymous - where the laws end the universe ends, one cannot exist without the other. Inertia is one of the laws of nature. The Inertia law requires a force be exerted on a body for it to accelerate relative to other bodies. This is the “Inertial Requirement of Space”. A body does not resist a change in its motion nor does Inertia simultaneously release its hold on a body as a force is exerted. Nature simply requires a force be exerted of a body for it to change its motion in any way.

The Laws of Nature simply require a force be exerted on a body for it to accelerate, change its motion relative to other bodies, or rise to a higher relativistic inertial mass (space energy level).

Since a body does not move relative to absolute space (as proved by the Michelson/Morley experiment) the only thing it can do, when a force is exerted on it, is to rise to a higher energy level relative to absolute space. Its relativistic mass increases.

Energy must be expended ON the body for it rise from one energy level to a higher energy level relative to absolute space. Energy must be expended BY the body for it fall to a lower energy level. The way it does this is to radiate energy. (An atomic bomb changes a small amount of mass into a tremendous amount of energy when it is detonated (E=MC²).

The Inertial Requirement of a body (its inertial mass) is the amount of force that is required to be exerted in order to accelerate a certain body at a certain rate of acceleration. This requirement is NOT invariant but depends upon the relativistic inertial mass of the body. "Rest" mass is simply the relativistic inertial mass of a body at a certain energy level relative to absolute space. On the surface of earth the "rest" mass will be the same BUT once the energy level changes such as on the GPS satellites out in space the "rest mass will be different so the their clocks will be slightly different then those on earth.

THERE ARE NO PERFECT CLOCKS! - WHEN THE RELATIVISTIC MASS OF THE CLOCKS CHANGE, THE OSCILLATION OF THEIR ATOMS WILL CHANGE SLIGHTLY AND THEY WILL GO OUT OF SYNC WITH THE GROUND ATOMIC CLOCKS. TIME DOESN'T CHANGE, ONLY THE ATOMIC CLOCKS CHANGE AS THEIR RELATIVISTIC MASS CHANGES.

We know from experience that as a body accelerates toward the speed of light, more and more force must be exerted on the body in order to maintain the same rate of acceleration. For example, as a particle accelerates toward the speed of light in a particle accelerator, it requires more and more force be exerted in order to maintain its acceleration. We perceive this property to be the body's relativistic inertial mass. More force is required, therefore its relativistic mass becomes greater. Absolutely nothing is added to the body as its relativistic mass increases.

The law of Inertia simply requires more force be exerted to maintain the same acceleration as the body rises to a higher energy level relative to absolute space. The inertial mass of a body of matter has nothing to do with the total amount of physical matter of the body, it is only an indication of the energy level the body is at relative to absolute space. A certain body of matter, for example, could have a mass of 1 IUM or 10 IUMs, depending on its relativistic inertial mass (its space energy level.) "Rest" mass is only a body's inertial mass at a certain location, such as on the surface of earth. Just going up to the GPS satellites in orbit, the "rest" mass will be slightly different.

The Law of Inertia, determines the mass of the body. An astronaut traveling in a rocket at 3/4 the speed of light would have a much larger relativistic (mass) then the same astronaut traveling in a rocket traveling at 1/4 the speed of light. Space would require a greater force be exerted to accelerate the astronaut in any direction. His inertial mass would be greater even though the amount of matter in his body is exactly the same.

The matter of the astronaut's body simply rises to a higher energy level in space. Its relativistic inertial masschanges. We can see from this example that inertial mass of a body is not a static condition, it does vary as conditions change. No matter how fast a body travels relative to other bodies in space it does not move relative to absolute space, only its energy level relative to absolute space changes.

An atom's electrons will drop to lower energy level (radiate energy) or if they are too low rise to a stable space energy level (absorb energy) to correspond to their surrounding environment. When an atom's electrons orbit reaches a stable level they will maintain this level, always emitting and receiving the same amount of energy. If they move to an environment that has a different energy level they will adjust to the new environment.

The Inertial requirement law of nature determines the amount of relativistic inertial mass a body of matter will possess depending on it space energy level. According to Newton's Law of Gravitation it is the inertial mass of a body that determines the strength of gravitational force the body will possess. Newton's equation for gravity depends upon the (relativistic not rest mass)of the bodies, therefore it is the Inertial Requirement of the bodies that determine the strength of their gravitational attraction between them. ("Rest" mass depends on its energy level relative to space - if its energy level changes due to a location change its mass will change.)

The Law of Inertia therefore determines the amount of Gravitational atracttion a body will possess. Gravity is a primary force of nature but it emanates from the Law of Inertia. Gravity is dependent upon inertial mass for its strength but is not equivalent to it.

Newton's Law of gravity is correct if the inertial masses in his equation are relativistic masses that change relative to their space energy level.

We have just seen that as a body's relativistic mass rises its gravitational strength will increase. A body with a very low space energy level will have a very small inertial requirement (very little inertia or mass) and therefore very little gravitational attraction. When enough force is exerted on the body its energy level relative to absolute space will begin to rise its relativistic mass will increase and its gravitational strength will also increase.

This is the reason new stars form only in the "blue star" outer regions of spiral galaxies where the gravity is stronger because of the higher relativistic mass of matter due to the higher energy level relative to absolute space. Intergalactic star dust and gas does not have enough relativistic mass to form stars in these regions and therefore it lacks the gravitational power to form stars. It is only when a galaxy passes by, sweeping up and accelerating this matter, will its mass and therefore gravitational attraction become strong enough to form a protostar and compress it sufficiently to began a nuclear fusion reaction.

Chapter  16

Bodies in space from the smallest to the largest, move relative only to other bodies. There is absolutely no motion between a body of matter and absolute space itself. It is as though each body is standing alone and still in space. This is the conclusion I reach from the results of the Michelson-Morley experiments. A planet or any other body does not travel through space like an airplane travels through the atmosphere displacing and passing by air molecules as it travels. When it comes to space itself there is nothing to pass by. When no other body of matter is taken into consideration, as far as space is concerned the planet is completely alone and motionless.

A body does not move unless it changes its position in some way relative to another body and when there are no other bodies to consider, its impossible to move relative to absolute space itself. Although matter moves about the universe relative to other matter, it does not move relative to space. Absolute Space itself (excluding all energy and matter) is a single entity from one end of the universe to the other. A body cannot pass from one part of space to another, space itself is all one. Move relative to what??

Absolute Space without considering its energy or matter is far from empty however, it is absolutely packed with all the laws and requirements of Nature. Every square centimeter of space within the Universe is filled with all the laws and requirements in existence. If an astronaut was traveling in a rocket ship that was completely alone in space he would still feel the effects of inertia (and all the other natural laws) in his ship. Until the time of the Michelson-Morley experiments, scientists thought that space was filled with an aether in which the Earth and all bodies moved and the medium the light rays traveled in.

The M & M experiments proved this theory wrong. There may or may not be an aether, just universal space filled with the laws and requirements that control the motion of all of the matter and energy within it. As far as absolute space is concerned a body of matter has no motion. It does however have inertia (a space energy level) and when a force is exerted on it, the body gains mass as it accelerates (its space energy level or relativistic mass increases).

In the M & M experiment when a body emits a photon of light, the body or the photon have no motion relative to absolute space. The body and the photon only move away from each other, nothing else is taken into consideration. Michelson always thought his apparatus was moving through space. This was his mistake, the truth is, relative to absolute space, his apparatus is not moving one bit, it is completely motionless. It is only moving relative to other bodies. This may be a tough thing to imagine but that's the way it is.

The ray of light will travel away from the body at exactly the same speed no matter which direction it is emitted. Michelson/Morley's experiment was a tremendous success, unfortunately he did not comprehend its implications. Other then the effects of inertia, there is no possible way to describe the motion of a body traveling in absolute space without bringing another body into the description. If the body was being accelerated by its rockets (a secondary force)the astronut would feel the effect of weight (created by the inertial requirement). If the body was being accelerated by gravity (a primary force) he would remain weightless.

When a ray of light is emitted, it will travel away from the emitting body at the maximum speed that space allows, the speed of light (Inertial Infinity), in any direction, no other body will be taken into consideration since the emitting body would be motionless relative to absolute space.

Update: The Two Energies of Matter

Photons always travel away from the emitting body at the same speed in every direction. Although there is no motion between a body of matter and absolute space itself, the body's inertial mass does vary with its space energy level and therefore is an indicator of its mass/energy level relative to absolute space. It's motion/energy relative to absolute space is always zero (0). Our galaxy was traveling slower relative to the boundary of the universe four and a half billion years ago when our sun was born. Since the galaxy has been falling (accelerating) toward the boundary all this time, its matters’ mass/energy has been increasing (its space energy level has increased). Therefore the average mass of its matter has increased. Billions of years from now as it continues to accelerate, its space energy level may be high enough to begin acting as a Quasar.

A body that has a very low space energy level (at near rest in space) has little mass or gravitational power. The same body traveling at near the speed of light would have tremendous mass and gravitational power. Its space energy level would be very high. This may be one of the reasons that quasars, which are traveling at speeds perhaps at three-quarters the speed of light, emit such enormous amounts of radiation compared to our nearby galaxies. Another reason may be that since the quasars are traveling closer to the speed of light (Inertial Infinity) they require less additional energy to radiate energy (EME). These two factors create conditions that make possible far greater nuclear fusion reactions etc. then can take place in the slower moving galaxies in our apart of the universe.

Although the relativistic mass of a speeding galaxy may be much greater then that of the slow moving galaxy the amount of actual matter in both galaxies will remain relatively constant. The amount of matter that makes up our Sun remains relatively constant (except for the particles it ejects in the solar wind). Although tremendous amounts of its mass is continually being radiated off into space, the sun is steadily acquiring new mass/energy as our galaxy continues to accelerate towards the boundary of the finite Universe. The net amount of mass/energy remains relatively constant with an upward bias.

The Inertial Requirement (its mass) of a body will increase as it accelerates in space, due to a force acting on it, no matter which direction it travels. As has been experimentally proven, a body accelerating in space will gain mass. If it then somehow reverses its direction and begins to accelerate in the opposite direction, due to a force acting on it, its mass will not decrease and return to its original state. Its mass will continue to increase as it approaches the speed of light no matter which direction it is traveling. (Space has no direction, relative to a single body.)

The only way it can loose mass is to emit radiation in some way. This seems to be just what the stars are doing. The higher a galaxy’s space energy level is, the more radiation its stars must emit to keep from overmassing. A quasar galaxy is traveling at a tremendous rate of speed relative to galaxies in our neighborhood of the universe, therefore quasar's stars must radiate energy at an enormous rate to keep from overmassing.

Due to the constant increase of its space energy level, stars must continually emit tremendous amounts of radiation energy in order to stabilize their mass/energy level. The amount of radiation emitted is proportional to the energy level of the galaxy. Just as steam prevents water from overheating, radiation prevents the matter of the stars from overmassing, (reaching the speed of light). A correlation to this phenomenon can be observed in a particle accelerator when a particle spontaneously emits brilliant light waves as it approaches the speed of light. The synchrotron radiation causes the particle's mass/energy (space energy level) to automatically be lowered. This may be what the stars are doing.

Chapter  17

As an alternative to the Big Bang Theory which depends on a tremendous initial explosion to get our Universe going, I would like to offer the following theory. Instead of an initial explosion to account for the outward rush of matter and energy from a central point, with all the galaxies forming as they recede from each other. I think they are simply falling toward the outer boundary of our finite universe from its central region. There is a Super Attractive Force, at the boundary of the universe that powers the Universe. It is the primary source of all the energy in the Universe.

Although it is similar to gravity it is not gravity. One principle difference is that this Super Attractive Force exerts its force on matter itself, not the mass of the matter, as Gravity does. This Super Force causes all galaxies to accelerate (fall) toward the boundary under the complete influence of Inertia (the Inertial Requirement of Space). As the body accelerates it acquires mass and therefore gravitational power.

It is well known that bodies falling for long distances in a gravitational field tend to separate from each other because the bodies closer to the source of attraction are in a slightly stronger gravitational field then the trailing bodies causing them to accelerate faster. This causes a gradual separation of the bodies over long periods of time and vast distances. If the Super Attractive Force, is located at the boundary of the universe, all the galaxies would be accelerating (falling) outward toward this boundary.

The boundary is similar to the inside of a giant sphere, (as discussed in a previous chapter) with all matter in the sphere falling toward their outer respective areas of the boundary. Under the influence and guidance of Inertia (and all the other laws of space) the matter eventually forms into galaxies. The galaxies continue to accelerate toward the boundary all receding from each other laterally as well as longitudinally. Other factors such as gravitational attraction between the galaxies may cause them to deviate from their primary course on their long journey.

The central area of the universe is made up largely of near massless dark matter with very little gravitational attraction. Matter in this region is at a very low space energy level (mass/energy level). As this matter begins to gradually accelerate (as a result of the Super Attractive Force acting on it) in its long journey toward the far off boundary it begins to acquire mass/energy, (its space energy level increases) and therefore its gravitational power increases.

The acceleration that the far off S.A.F. imparts on the matter, gradually, through the Inertial Requirement, creates the matter's gravitational power. When a long enough period of acceleration has taken place and the matter has acquired sufficient mass/energy and gravitational attraction, the matter will then be able to converge, eventually forming tremendous collections of protostars (galaxies). At first the galaxies take on a dull reddish glow as the matter of the protostars begin to heat up due to the compressive force of gravity. As the galaxies continue to accelerate, their protostars begin to reach the critical space energy levels needed for their fusion reactions to began kicking in. They began to emit immense amounts of radiation to keep from overmassing as their acceleration continues. This is the reason our Universe is filled with galaxies of brightly shining stars as they “fall” toward its boundary.

Throughout their life, as the galaxies continue to accelerate toward the boundary, and because of their increasing velocity, continually acquire more and more mass/energy. This is the source of energy for the four basic fundamental forces of nature. This Super Attractive Force causes the original acceleration of all matter. It therefore creates the mass/energy and gravitational power, etc. of all the matter in the universe. It may be the “Fifth Force” that the scientists are currently searching for. It is the primary source of all the energy in the Universe, (EME, Gravity, etc.). The Laws of Universal Space govern this energy and matter.

The acceleration of the matter toward the boundary of the universe must be rather modest. After accelerating for billions of years, a galaxy may only be traveling a fraction of the speed of light. Most of the mass/energy gained during its acceleration is radiated back into space by the stars as EME radiation and gravitational energy, thus keeping the mass/energy level of the galaxy relatively stable. The primary energy of the Super Force is transformed by the Laws of Space, in particular, under the influence and guidance of Law of Inertia into the four Primary Forces that govern the mass/energy of matter.

As the galaxies continue to accelerate toward the far off boundary of the universe, its mass/energy continues to increase rapidly. The stars must furiously emit more and more radiation in order to keep from over massing. Eventually when the galaxies have accelerated far beyond the speed of our normal galaxies, approaching the speed of light. Conditions become so extreme that the stars of the galaxy must radiate thousands of times more radiation then stars in our vicinity of the universe just to keep from overmassing. The relativistic curve begins to increase ever more sharply upward as the galaxy's space energy level passes one-half the speed of light. New fusion reactions kick in to produce the tremendous additional radiation emitted by these Quasar stars. These reactions create our heavier elements.

Near the boundary of the Universe the matter is traveling at tremendous speed, approaching Inertial Infinity (the speed of light), despite the immense amount of radiation the stars are emitting. The space energy level of this matter is very high, so high that matter as we know it cannot exist. The quarks which make up the protons etc. have acquired the tremendous energy needed to exist on their own. The protons are now literally exploding into super high energy quarks. They are approaching the boundary of the Universe.

Since nothing can exist beyond the boundary of the universe, where no laws exist, everything that strikes the boundary is absorbed. The primary energy that powers the universe has returned to its home base. The matter and mass/energy that strikes the boundary is absorbed. At the same time new, massless matter is created, to replace the absorbed matter, in the central region of the universe. It is ready to begin another journey.

The total amount of matter and energy within the universe remains constant. The matter and mass/energy in this extremely energetic border region, that was emitted in a direction away from the boundary, heads back into the universe as the high energy cosmic rays and background radiation. Our universe is a very old, very dynamic, constant state entity. In summing up the rationale of this hypothesis over the Big Bang Theory, I feel, the Falling Galaxy Theory offers certain advantages such as: - In an explosion such as the Big Bang, the matter would initially be hurled outward at such a tremendous initial speed that it would instantly become exceedingly massive and therefore generate tremendous gravitational power. The matter would instantly run into a “speed of light wall”. This would have a tremendous braking effect on the explosion, where in reality the galaxies seem to be accelerating gradually over a very long time period.

In the Falling Galaxy Theory; the galaxies are gradually accelerating outward, toward the boundary of the universe, continually gaining more mass/energy, climbing to ever higher space energy levels, generating increasingly stronger gravitational power. This ever increasing G power causes mass/energy fusion reactions to begin, enabling the stars to emit ever greater radiation. The tremendous radiant energy emitted by the Quasars is an indication; that the matter of the galaxies has reached incredibly high mass/energy (space energy) levels. This in despite of the tremendous amount radiation that its stars have been emitting as their speed approaches Inertial Infinity.

The laws of Quantum Mechanics are an indication of the mysterious nature of particle and energy movement in space. The ideas I have just related, I hope, explain some of this mysterious nature. Remember, our Creator gave us an imagination so we could witness his wondrous works and get to know him better. To do this we must grope our way through an extremely complicated and intricate maze, but that's the fun of having an imagination!

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Ref. "The Two Energies of Matter."