Chapter  18

In forming his The General Theory of Relativity, Albert Einstein used his famous thought experiments to justify his postulate that Inertia and Gravity are equivalent. Although they are closely related they are not equivalent. Inertia is a requirement of space. Gravity is one of the primary forces of nature that fulfils this requirement. The force of gravity arises from the “mass” created by the Inertial requirement of Space. One of the ideas that misled Einstein to his conclusion was that a body dropped in an accelerating elevator behaved in exactly the same manner as it would if dropped on the surface of Earth. Actually, the effects, in both cases, are similar but not exactly the same.

The truth is gravity causes bodies, dropped from various heights in the room resting on the ground, to fall at different rates of acceleration (due to their different distances to the center of gravity of the Earth) where as, all bodies in the accelerating elevator "fall" at the same rate. Also they do not "fall" parallel to each other under the influence of gravity as they do in an accelerating room. Since in both cases, the motions of the falling bodies are not the same, it is good evidence that gravity and inertia are also, not equivalent. Einstein may have known about these discrepancies but choose to explain it as a local equivalence. (It works in large space but not small space).

Actually, in both the accelerating elevator and the room resting on the ground, weight, not gravity, is created! The weight created in the elevator (or in an accelerating rocket, etc.) is just as real as weight created on the surface of the Earth. It is created in both cases because a Secondary Force is being exerted on the body altering the body's primary acceleration, not because Gravity and Inertia are equivalent.

Weight is created simply because inertia (space) requires a force be exerted to accelerate a body and the unique manner that the Secondary Force exerts its force on a body. It exerts its force in succession, one body pushes against the next body which pushes against the next etc. etc.. A molecule pushes against the next molecule, an atom pushes against the next atom (even though, at this level they may not actually touch each other), the floor of a rocket pushes against the feet of an astronaut which pushes against hiser (a new word meaning his and/or her) ankles which push against hiser legs, etc. etc.

Secondary Force creates the unique effect of weight by exerting its force in succession. Gravity, a Primary Force, exerts its energy on all the atoms of a body simultaneously, not in succession. That is the big difference! A body under Gravity's influence alone is weightless. Only when a Secondary Force alters the body's acceleration, in some manner, is the effect of weight created.

In both cases of Einstein's thought experiment (A and B) a Secondary Force is creating the effect of weight. When a Primary Force such as Gravity is exerted on a body alone, (case C) the body accelerates but the body is weightless! Gravity is exerting exactly the same amount of force on each basic particle simultaneously. Gravity is not cancelled, the elevator is completely under the influence of gravitational force. It is being accelerated by Gravity alone and therefore no weight is created.

Weight itself is not a force, it is the unique effect created when a Secondary Force is exerted against a body and can be used as an accurate measurement to indicate the amount of Secondary Force that is being exerted. On Earth, weight is the measure of Secondary Force required to prevent a body from accelerating 32.2 ft./sec/sec toward the center of Earth. Weight is created only when a Secondary Force is exerted against a body, thereby altering the body's original acceleration caused by a Primary Force.

It could be Gravity or another Primary Force such as those that arise from the chemical reactions which produce the gases that propel a rocket or the electromagnetic force of the elevator's motors, it makes no difference. The important thing is that a Secondary Force must be exerted to stop or alter the body's acceleration for the effect of weight to be created. If a body is "resting" on the surface of the Earth, the surface of earth prevents (stops) it from continuing its fall toward the center of the Earth.

A Secondary Force creates the effect of weight in both cases (A and B). Gravity is not a factor in the accelerating room, (and we have just seen above) that both cases do not even create exactly the same acceleration). Therefore, Einstein's postulate, "The Principle of Equivalence", has not been proven by this thought experiment. The idea that a light beam (case D) will be influenced by gravity being exerted on it, also has not been proven. According to Michelson, Morley experiment a light beam was emitted across the rising elevator (it has motion/energy) but has no motion (mass/energy) (not moving) relative to absolute space and therefore will be reflected directly back to it. (Matter always has two energies "motion/energy" relative to other matter and "mass/energy" relative to space. The star beam that was supposedly deflected by the Sun’s gravity in the 1919 eclipse to add credibility to Einstein’s relativity theory, was probably deflected by the Sun’s extended corona and solar wind. It has since been discovered that the sun's solar wind extends far out past the solar system and could defintely effect the star's apparent position.

Photons, (electromagnetic emission, EME), being pure energy, have no inertial mass or gravitational attraction when they are traveling in space. They always travel at the highest energy level that space allows, the speed of light. (I call it Inertial Infinity.) Matter by itself has no energy. It is only when a force (F=MA)is exerted on it, causing it to accelerate, relative to other matter, does it also begin to acquire relativistic mass/energy (E=MC² and therefore (MG) gravitational strength.

In the (faster) outer part of our galaxy, a proton has a “relativistic mass” of (X) units of inertial mass (UIMs, not lbs. or kgs., see page 183). In the central portion of our galaxy, (a slower area), or in a slower galaxy, the “relativistic mass” of a proton would be less then (X). In a faster galaxy it would be greater (it depends on its space energy level). Since our Galaxy is gradually accelerating in space, (falling toward the boundary of the finite universe) the mass of its matter will also gradually increase. Since this original book was written in 1996 it was discovered (in 1998) that the universe expansion is accelerating - actually it means that the galaxies are falling (accelerating) toward the boundary of the universe instead of slowing down.

Matter can never rise to the speed of light. Although near the boundary of the Universe its space energy level is so high that protons are torn apart and exist as free quarks. Relativistic mass is simply an indication of the energy level a body of matter, has attained relative to absolute space. (Remember, the body does not move, relative to space itself.) The higher the space energy level, the more push is required, by space, to maintain the same acceleration of the body, in any direction. Therefore the the body’s mass is greater.

In the mass/(radiant) energy relationship: E = MC²

E - indicates the tremendous amount of EME energy (C²) a certain body of matter possesses at a certain space energy level. The M (or mass in UIMs) indicates the tremendous amount of energy a body of that size possesses.

In the mass/(gravity)energy relationship: E = MG

E - indicates the relatively small amount of gravitational energy that same body possesses at that same space energy level.

G - indicates the gravity constant.

M - is the same as the previous M.

[ M is inertial mass not gravitational mass. Actually, there is no such thing as “Gravitational Mass”, other then when it is used to describe weight that is created by Gravity and a Secondary Force.] In Newton's “Law of Gravitation”, the two attracting masses are both Inertial Masses.

Gravity and EME, are both related to the mass of matter in their own way but not with each other. A body’s total mass/energy, (at a certain space energy level) is E=M(C2+G+S+W), (EME energy + Gravitational energy + the Strong & Weak energies). They each play their vital role in making the Universe work.

Besides the boundary’s Super Attractive Force, (which is the “mother” of all forces), all other forces can be divided into just two basic types of force. A force is either a Primary Force or a Secondary Force. The Primary forces are the four fundamental forces of nature that arise from the interaction of the Inertial Requirement of Space and the Super Attractive Force with matter. They get their energy from the Super Attractive Force emanating from the boundary of the universe. The Secondary Forces are an extension of the energy of the Primary Forces. Each of these two types of force exert their energy in entirely different ways however, each creating its own unique effect.

The Primary Forces include: Electromagnetic Emission, Gravity, the Strong and the Weak atomic forces. Their energy comes from the Super Attractive Force at the boundary of the universe and is ruled by the Inertial Requirement of Space, (the Law of Inertia). The Primary Forces have the unique ability to exert their force across space from a distance. These forces can impart the original acceleration to the body but their action alone, cannot create the effect of weight.

The Secondary Forces (ordinary forces) include: Mechanical, Friction, Pressure, Obstruction, Buoyant, etc.. (the push/pull forces). These are our ordinary contact forces. These forces cannot create original motion in a body but can only use the energy of the Primary Forces, to carry on or alter the original path of the Primary Forces’ energy. They have no energy of their own. Secondary Forces are an extension of the Primary Forces’ energy. Unlike the Primary Forces they cannot exert their force across space from a distance. They can only exert their force from one body to the next by obstructing, pushing, bumping, rubbing or some similar force that actually has contact with the next body, in succession.

The Law of Inertia (the Inertial Requirement of Space) requires a force be exerted on a body in order to accelerate the body. The Primary Forces and Secondary Forces are these forces. Both of these types of forces are equally important. They are distinctly different in the manner they exert their force on a body and the resulting effect they have on the body. Gravity exerts it energy on each fundamental particle of a body, whereas the Secondary Forces exert their force on the body by direct contact, from one part to the next part, from one body to the next body, in succession, either transmitting, altering or blocking the original energy of the Primary Force. Secondary Force creates pressure and stress on a body. It is this “action” that causes the effect of weight to manifest itself.

We live our entire lives comfortably, with this pressure constantly being exerted on us. It feels comforting and secure to have the firm feel of the Earth constantly exerting its Secondary "Obstructional" Force, preventing (stopping) our gravitational acceleration toward the center of the Earth. If we do not have this force being exerted on us, we immediately become weightless. In fact, the astronauts soon learned that, if they remained in a state of weightlessness for a long period of time their bodies would began to weaken. Our bodies have evolved under the influence of Gravity and Secondary Force (the surface of Earth).

We need the constant pressure of this secondary force on our bodies to remain strong and in good health. We are always in a state of restrained acceleration on the surface of earth - we feel this as weight. (Astronauts soon lose their strength when they orbiting weightless in space for any length of time.)

The fear of falling (becoming weightless) is deeply ingrained in our psyche. Just step off a high diving board or parachute out of an airplane sometime, its quite a sensation. The Earth is constantly exerting a Secondary “Obstructional” Force, changing our original Primary gravitational acceleration. If the Earth's surface was removed even momentarily, our original gravitational acceleration would continue. Bodies do not rest on the surface of the Earth. Actually everything on Earth has a constant static force acting on it as a result of the Secondary Obstruction Force of the Earth's surface opposing the Primary Force of Gravity.

It is somewhat analogous to a boat with its motor running, the force of the spinning propeller pushing it against the wall. Although it is not moving it certainly cannot be considered at rest as compared to a boat, with its motor off, simply resting next to the wall. Although in both cases the boat is not moving, the conditions are very different. Therefore bodies lying on the surface of the Earth are not "at rest" but have a constant Primary Force and opposing Secondary Force being exerted against them. The amount of weight created is directly proportional to the amount of Secondary Force being exerted.

This is a fundamental relationship of nature. A Secondary Force can never by itself cause a body to accelerate, it needs the energy of a Primary Force. There must always be a Primary Force exerted first. The surface of the Earth can never exert a force on a body by itself.

When Gravity alone (a Primary Force) is exerted on a body, such as in a free fall, there is no Secondary Force being exerted, therefore no weight will be created. Although the body is weightless it still retains its Inertial Mass (its Inertial Requirement remains the same). Even though a body may be accelerating at a high rate, under the force of Gravity alone, no pressure or stress will be felt. The body will be weightless. The Earth and everything on it, is always falling directly toward the sun but we feel no effects of this acceleration.

In the falling elevator of his thought experiment, Einstein speculated that no effect of Gravity was felt because there was no gravitational force present. The “falling” acceleration of the elevator cancelled the gravitational force. Actually, the elevator and its contents are totally under the influence of gravity alone. Conversely, he thought that the upward accelerating elevator in his experiment actually created Gravity where in reality it only created Weight. We must distinguish the difference between Gravity and Weight.

Acceleration by itself does not necessarily create the effect of weight. Like weight it also is only an effect caused by a force being exerted on a body. A Primary Force alone can cause a body to accelerate with no weight being created. Both weight and acceleration are simply “effects” created by the action of a force or forces being exerted on a body.

In a rocket, either falling or, accelerating under its own power, inertia (space) determines its rate of accel-eration, for the amount of force being exerted. But it is only the amount of Secondary Force exerted that determines the amount of weight that will be created. With a rocket just hovering off the ground, one Primary Force (gravity) is being exerted against another Primary Force (electro-chemical forces of the combustion in the rocket's engine), canceling its gravitational acceleration. It is the structure and floor of the rocket that is the Secondary Force, creating the effect of weight on the astronaut inside.

The fact that all bodies fall at the same rate of acceleration has confused mankind for thousands of years. Aristotle thought that a heavy body should fall faster because the heavy body was exerting more downward force then a lighter body. Galileo experimentally proved this was not the case. (Actually it is the total amount of upward force necessary to restrain the body that causes the body's weight.) Newton explained it by saying that, Gravity and Inertia are exactly proportional. Einstein said they are equivalent. The truth is that both the heavy body and the light body have exactly the same amount of gravitational force being exerted on each one of their most “elemental particles”.

Since these particles all have the same mass, Gravity exerts an equal amount of force on each one of them, causing all of them to accelerate at the same rate, in unison, no matter which body they happen to be a part of. Gravity is not a special case of acceleration as Newton and Einstein thought. Inertia (space) simply requires a specific amount of force be exerted on a body of a specific mass in order to accelerate the body at a specific rate. It is the “ elemental particles” that make up the body, that are effected by Gravity’s force.

It is up to you scientists to determine, on which elemental particles, Gravity exerts its force. If it is determined experimentally that the particles effected are protons and neutrons, a body that contains a higher ratio of neutrons to protons may fall slightly faster then a body containing a reverse ratio since the neutrons have slightly greater mass then protons. If it is determined that quarks are the “elemental particles” effected by Gravity, this difference will not occur.

The amount of Secondary Force necessary to stop the body is proportional to the total momentum of the body and therefore the weight of the body. For example, a bag containing 100 marbles will require 10 times more Secondary Force to stop its fall, and therefore weigh 10 times more, then a bag containing only 10 marbles. Even though 10 times more total gravitational force is being exerted on the larger bag of marbles, the amount of force is being exerted against each “elemental particle” of the marble. Therefore, the number of marbles in a bag does not make any difference, both bags of marbles will fall at the same rate even though their weights are different.

Inertia is a requirement of space. Space requires a force be exerted on a body to accelerate the body. Inertia determines the specific amount of force that will be required to accelerate a certain body at a given rate. This is the Inertial Mass of the body. A body that weighs 1 lb. on Earth will require 1 lb. of unbalanced force be exerted on it to accelerate the body 32.2 ft./sec/sec no matter where it is in the universe (provided its space energy level is the same). It does not matter whether the body is accelerated by gravity or a rocket.

This is the amount of force Inertia requires for that particular body. In the equation F=MA; (F) is equal to the weight of the body because that is the amount of force required to prevent that particular body from accelerating 32.2 ft./sec/sec while it lies on Earth. It is simply an easy way to determine (F) on the Earth, on the moon it would be different but the result of the ratio would be the same. Conversely, if an unbalanced force of 1 lb. is exerted on this particular body it will accelerate at the rate of 32.2 ft./sec/sec. Therefore this body has:

M = F/A = 1#/32.2 = .0310559 UIMs (Units of Inertial Mass). Engineers call it a slug.

The Inertial Mass of a body is measured as; the result of the amount of force that must be exerted on a body divided by the acceleration attained. A body that weighs 1 lb. on Earth will have an Inertial Mass of .0310559 UIMs when its rate of acceleration is measured in feet per second. (The Inertial Mass of a body that weighs 1 gram will be .0010204 UIMs when measured in meters per second). These UIMs are not a force measured in lbs. or grams. They are the ratio of the amount of force exerted, divided by the acceleration attained. These absolute units are a measure of the body's mass or inertial mass. The Force, in the equation, is measured as an amount equal to the weight of the body. This body will always have a mass of .0310559 UIMs (at that space energy level), regardless of the rate it is accelerating or the amount of force that is being exerted on it. The ratio will remain the same at that space energy level.

If this body happened to reside on the Moon its acceleration and weight would be different but its UIMs would not change. A body that has a mass of 1 UIM, on Earth weighs 32.2 pounds. The Earth's surface must exert an upward Secondary Force of 32.2 pounds on this body to prevent its gravitational acceleration. A body's Inertial Mass is not constant however, its mass will increase as its speed in space increases (space energy level rises) because Inertia requires more and more force be exerted to maintain the same rate of acceleration. Other terms for Inertial Mass are the mass/energy or mass of a body.

The Laws of Nature brought the Universe into existence and determined its personality. (Something like when our forefathers wrote the constitution to bring our country into existence, except that the laws and boundaries of our country are flexible and can be broken, whereas the laws and boundary of the Universe are not.) The Laws of Nature extend in every direction filling the entire Universe. Where the "Laws" end, Absolute Space ends and therefore the Universe ends. Within the Universe there is absolutely no where every law does not exist in full force.

One of the "Laws" is an attracting force at the boundary of the Universe that attracts all matter. This is the primary source of all the energy in the Universe. (I call it the Super Attractive Force.) All matter falls toward the boundary of the universe. This was verified in 1998 when it was discovered that the galaxies are actually accelerating outward (falling) toward the boundary of the universe.

The Laws of Nature set the Universe in motion and it has been going ever since. (As explained in the previous chapters.) Everything in the Universe works in perfect harmony and is completely dominated and controlled Laws of Nature.

Inertia or Inertial Requirement of Space is one of the most fundamental laws of the Universe. It ties the concepts of Mass, Energy, Matter and Space together, while the Super Attractive Force, at the boundary, powers it. Together they make this Universe work. Inertia guides and controls the motion of all the matter and energy in the Universe. It sets the speed limit within the Universe. It creates the mass/energy of matter by requiring a force be exerted to accelerate matter in Space. The energy of this force increases the mass of the matter. It elevates the matter to a higher energy level in space, (space energy level).

The relativistic inertial mass of the matter, in turn, creates the Gravity of matter. Matter does not move relative to absolute space itself, it only moves relative to other matter and energy within the Universe. Matter moves in every direction all around the universe relative to other matter but NOT relative to Absolute Space itself. (Its a tough concept to imagine but that's what the Michelson-Morley experiments proved.) Physically, space itself is nothing, so how can you move from one part of nothing to another part of nothing, without taking something else into consideration? It makes sense when you think about it.

Matter always has two forms of energy - 1. Momentum energy is relative to other matter. 2. Relativistic inertial mass does not move relative to Absolute Space, BUT its space energy level changes. It can only gain or lose mass/energy, the matter does not change, only its mass/energy changes. The effect of this is that the relativistic mass of a body of matter varies with its space energy level and so therefore, so does its Gravitational energy.

Scientists are having a difficult time trying to determine the true value of the constant“G”. They keep coming up with different numbers. The reason for this may be because they are doing their experiments at different times of the year! If my theory, that the Earth oscillates back and forth across the Sun’s galactic path, is correct - the Earth is traveling much faster in July then in January relative to the sun, therefore its relativistic mass (space energy level) may be slightly greater in July then in January. Changes in relativistic mass effect the atom's oscillations in atomic clocks not time itself. There are no perfect clocks! Since the Earth’s velocity changes with the seasons, its relativistic mass and therefore its gravitation constant may also vary slightly.

Another observation that seems to indicate that relativistic inertial mass and gravity varies with the space energy level of stars is that the stars in the outer regions of a spiral galaxies seem to be hotter then in its central portion. This is where new stars are created. The stars in the outer regions of spiral galaxies are traveling at a much faster velocity and therefore are have a higher energy level relative to absolute space. Therefore their relativistic mass/energies are higher and gravity is stronger. The stronger gravity enables fusion nuclear reactions creating new high energy blue stars to be bornin the outer portion of the spiral galaxies.

The value for “C” may also vary. Since matter does not move relative to Space, a photon will travel away from a body, at the same velocity no matter which direction it is emitted. A photon being pure energy will naturally, always travel at the highest energy level that Space allows. (At Inertial Infinity, [C], the speed of light in space.) Our value for C may be constant within our galaxy but could be different in a galaxy traveling at a higher or lower space energy level, then our galaxy.

In conclusion, I believe; The Law of Inertia is a requirement of Universal Space - it is one of the primary laws of Nature. Another important Law of Nature is the "Super Attractive Force" that exists at the boundary of our Universe. This "Super Attractive Force" causes all matter in the universe to fall (accelerate) toward it. This Primary Force is the fundamental source of all the energy in the universe. The Inertial Requirement of Space converts the energy of this Super Attractive Force into the relativistic inertial mass (energy) of matter and hence the source of energy of the four Primary Forces; (Gravity, EME, the Strong and Weak forces). The force of Gravity arises out of the Inertial Requirement but is not equivalent to it. These four Primary forces along with the Secondary forces, under the Law of Inertia, interact with matter to run the Universe.

A Primary Force must always be exerted first but it is Secondary Force, although it has no energy of its own, must also be exerted to create the unique effect of weight. This is what makes Secondary Force a very important type of force indeed. (What would we do without this effect?). The weight of a body is proportional to and measured by the amount of Secondary Force that is exerted to either prevent or alter the body's original acceleration.

¨ There are no perfect clocks! Time is nothing more then a series of events measured against another series of events. It could be measured in; seconds, minutes, hours, weeks, months, years, lunar cycles, nanoseconds, light years, evolutionary time, geological time, lifespan of a person, lifespan of on insect or whatever. Time does not speed up or slow down BUT the super accurate atomic clocks that measure it do vary as relativistic inertial mass of the clocks vary. This is due to a change in the relativistic mass of the clocks, not because time is fluctuating. The ticking of the clock may slow down slightly in a speeding rocket or airplane because there is a slight change in the clock’s relativistic mass” rather then the slowing of time.

The GPS scientists must constantly monitor the synchronization lab clocks with the GPS satellites clocks to keep them in sync. This is because the relativistic mass is changing slightly in the satellite's clocks causing the atoms in the clock's oscillations to vary slightly. The ticking of clocks may also vary as the Earth speeds up and slows down between the winter and summer seasons.

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